The aim of study Evaluation of the results of stenting in the treatment of cicatricial stenosis of the trachea. Materials and methods During the period from 1995 to 2023, 154 patients with cicatricial stenosis of the trachea were treated (men - 109 (70.77%), women - 45 (29.22%). The age of the patients ranged from 15 to 83 years. Patients of working age (from 20 to 50 years old) were 102 (66, 23%). The causes of stenosis were: tracheostomy and / or prolonged mechanical lung ventilation through a tracheostomy tube (106-68.83%), mechanical ventilation through the orotracheal tube (38-24.67%), in 6 (3.89%) after circular resection of the trachea, in 3 (1.94%) recurrence of stenosis after tracheolaryngoplasty, in 1 (0.64%) after radiation therapy for primary tracheal cancer in the area of tumor stenosis. Results. In 69 (44.80%) patients, tracheal stenting was performed. Indications for stenting: the impossibility of performing circular resection of the trachea due to the severity of the condition (64-92.75%), preoperative preparation (2-2.89%), cicatricial narrowing of the tracheal anastomosis after circular resection of the trachea (2-2.89%), stenosis of the trachea after long-term treatment of staged treatment (tracheolaryngoplasty with the introduction of a T-shaped tube) (1-1.44%). In 67 patients silicone stents of the Dumont type were inserted, in 2 - stents made of an endotracheal tube and fixed to the neck tissues with a non-absorbable ligature. Complications in the postoperative period occurred in 22 (31,88%) patients. There were no lethal outcomes. It was possible to form a lumen sufficient for breathing in 46 (66.66%) patients. Conclusions. Tracheal stenting in patients with cicatricial tracheal stenosis is a safe and highly effective method that can be used both independently and for preoperative preparation. Restenosis that occurs after the stent removing can be corrected by stent reinsertion by circular resection of the trachea performing, if the patient’s condition allows it.

Mitomycin-c is an effective and safe drug in the treatment of benign stenosis of the respiratory tract, to a greater extent increasing the duration of the relapse-free period, the interval between endoscopic manipulations. Due to the lack of clear ideas about the optimal method of administration of the drug, the timing, duration of the application / injection, it is necessary to continue further research.

This publication examines the possibilities of bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of primary small cell lung cancer and the assessment of the effectiveness of treatment. Endoscopic semiotics of small cell lung cancer is considered. A clinical observation of a patient with widespread small cell lung cancer is presented: primary diagnosis and assessment of the effectiveness of the course of chemotherapy.

The article describes one of the options of endoscopic treatment of complications after pneumonia represented by a lung abscess, pleural empyema, air discharge in the postoperative period and subsequent bronchial stenosis of the basal pyramid. The effectiveness of this method and the expediency of its application in practice have been evaluated.

Purpose To draw the attention of doctors to one of the rare diseases and neoplasms of the esophagus - papillomatosis. Clinical and pathological features of the combination of papillomatosis and cicatricial stricture of the esophagus in one patient as well as treatment options are discussed. Materials, methods and results A 56-year-old patient complained of dysphagia and odynophagia, shortness of breath. In childhood, he came through a tracheostomy and several sessions of bougienage of the esophagus after a chemical burn of the esophagus. Currently, endoscopic examination revealed cicatricial deformity and narrowing of the lumen to 12 mm in the upper third the esophagus, the mucosa is thickened, with papillomatous growths in the form of longitudinal ridges, the structure of the mucosa has a papillary character. Histological examination of the esophageal mucosa shows hyperplasia of the stratified squamous epithelium in the form of multiple polypoid outgrowths with fibrovascular centers, epithelial dysplasia was not detected. The first session of endoscopic bougienage was performed, but thereafter the patient was unable to continue bougienage or any other treatment. Conclusion There are no standard guidelines for the treatment or monitoring of patients with esophageal papillomatosis. Summarizing information from literary sources and our own experience, we consider endoscopic removal of both local single papillomas of the esophagus and widespread papillomatosis.

Relevance Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a disease that has a complex mechanism of formation, causing a variety of clinical and pathogenetic features, realised during the development of the pathological process. The variety of tactical and methodological solutions in its treatment is formed from this premise. Material and Methods The authors have 25 years of experience, which consists in direct participation in the diagnostic and therapeutic process in several thousand patients with gastroesophageal reflux, including several hundred patients with cylindrocellular metaplasia and Barrett’s oesophagus. Results Determination of indications for surgical treatment of complicated and uncomplicated gastroesophageal reflux disease is a complex and responsible decision. It is necessary to take into account: the nature and severity of cylindrocellular metaplasia, the size of axial hernia and its combination with insufficiency of cardiac jejunum, the severity of jejunal insufficiency and preservation of diaphragmatic constriction, the state of Gis angle, the type and severity of reflux - esophagitis, as well as the presence of irreversible changes in the mucosa to determine the indications for correction and surgical tactics. It is necessary to pay attention to the severity of clinical manifestations of the disease.

The object of the research of this article: the development of nursing in the Russian Federation based on identifying areas for improving the training of nursing specialists with higher education, expanding their professional, managerial and leadership functions. Subject of the study: organizational and managerial relations arising in the process of improving the activities of nurse managers based on the development of their organizational, managerial and research competencies. Objectives: To analyze federal state educational standards in the field of training "Nursing" for its compliance with the modern needs of the healthcare system of the Russian Federation and the development of nursing. To identify the shortcomings of the studied FSES and the competencies of nurses embedded in them, and to assess the presence of contradictions in the needs of the modern healthcare system of the Russian Federation and the real capabilities of nurses as managers of the nursing link To develop directions for the development of nursing and the improvement of the system of education or development of managerial skills and leadership qualities of nurses as managers of the nursing link.